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E 0136 CADRE
The word " cadre " , via Italian and French, has come from Latin .
H 0518
ר ת כ
Concept of root :
enclosing
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Hebrew word
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pronunciation
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English meanings
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ר ת כ
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kittèr
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to
enclose, encircle
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Related English words
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cadre
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Comparison between European words and
Hebrew
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Languages
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Words
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Pronunciation
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English meanings
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Similarity in roots
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Hebrew
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ר ת כ
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kittèr
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to enclose, encircle
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k . t . r
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English
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cadre
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cadre
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c . d r
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German
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Gitter
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gitter
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fence
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g . t . r
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Latin
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quadrus
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quadrus
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square
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q . d r
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Hebrew *KATAR --- *GATER Proto-Germanic
This entry is clearly linked to entries number E 0134 (Hebrew 0418) "cadre /ghadar" and number E 0135 (Hebrew 0481) "cadre / kadar". We refer to those for more comments.
Culturally, in ancient civilizations, the actions of encircling, fencing and protecting have been extremely important, and we find numerous references to such activities and their results . Such results are courts, gardens, towns, squares, castles, homesteads , fences, gates etcetera .
Note:
- Hebrew "kittèr" is an intensive form of the standard form "*katar" that is not found in the Bible and has not been revived in modern language. Probably the use of the T instead of D is due to Aramaic influence.
Note:
- Proto-Semitic. A root "K T R " is seen in Aramaic with the meaning of " to wait". Some suppose that this " to wait" is based on " to be surrounded with expectation", but that is a very far shot. More probable is that this root "K T R " in Hebrew is an independent development, either consisting in a metathesis from the root "Q R T", seen in entry E 0197 (Hebrew 0780 ) or as a second form of "K D R" , entry E 0135 (Hebrew 0481 ) .
It is not clear to what extent Aramaic "kittèr = to have patience, wait" and the causative verb "hikhtir = to crown" have been constructed on the basis of the same or an identical root . It seems rather obvious though that when in Psalm 22:13 a group of strong bulls surrounded him who tells this, these animals harboured no thought of waiting patiently .
Consequently we have no information outside Hebrew that would allow a solid hypothesis for Proto-Semitic.
Note:
- Proto-Germanic. It is very interesting to see in High German the word "Gitter " that recalls the same vowels used in the above mentioned intensive Hebrew verb " kittèr ". This German noun has various meanings that can indicate metal constructions and may have or not have a common origin . These are "grille" , "grating", "railing " . Especially " railing " as an iron fence, in older German was also expressed by the word "Gatter " , that seems to recall the disappeared standard version of the Hebrew verb " kittèr", that would have been " *katar" or just as well "* kater " .
In Old High German there was the predecessor "gataro, a fence or enclosure that could have a gate in it. It was also used to indicate the "gate", especially a grated one. Middle Dutch has with the same meanings "gader". That of "grated door", shared by Old High German and Middle Dutch, is to be seen as related to Old English "geat", plural "gatu" that has led to English "gate".
Proto-Germanic may indeed have had the form similar to Hebrew "*G Ā T e R", besides a shorter form without "R" : "*G Ā T-", on the basis of which the nouns with final "R then " have been developed.
Note:
- Indo-European. Proto-Germanic "gater" may be related to Latin "quadrus", but a hypothesis for Indo-European is difficult. There must have been a initial consonant from the group "G, GH, K, Q", a second consonant "D" or " T " and a third consonant " R ". The first or main vowel should have been " Ā ". A hypothesis "*G Ā D Ĕ R-" may be right, but remains uncertain.
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| Created: Tuesday 6 November 2007 at 22.30.54 Updated: 02/11/2012 at 16.47.13 |
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